Explain what happens when there is a hole between the right and left side of heart. What is one likely problem caused by this defect? Suggest one symptom contributed by this defect.
Answering the question:
The septum separates the left and right side of the heart. If there is a hole, blood can flow to the other side of the heart.
The blood would become mixed. (Problem)
The blood pumped to the body would be insufficient in oxygen.
Thus, the heart would need to pump harder. (Effect) This would result in fatigue, increased heartbeat, heart failure, shortness of breath. (Symptom)
State one structural difference between the artery and then vein.
The artery is thicker, more elastic and more muscular than the vein to withstand the high blood pressure in oxygenated blood. The diameter of lumen is greater.
The veins have valves to ensure that blood flows in one direction back to the heart (preventing backflow).
Understand the importance of a transport system in multi-cellular organisms.
Know why the transport system in an amoeba is so different from a human, and why humans cannot adopt a similar system as the amoeba.
Explain why the transport system in mammals is also known as the circulatory system.
Understand that any system is connected to other systems, both internally and externally, and the output from one part of a system (which can include material, energy, or information) can become the input to others. Such feedback can serve to control what goes on in the system as a whole.
Know that blood is pumped around the circulatory system by the action of the heart.
Know that the heart is a muscular organ which requires its own supply of oxygen and nutrients (via the coronary arteries).
Label and identify the principle structures of a mammalian heart, including the valves within it and the inter-connecting blood vessels & associated valves.
Trace the path of blood through the circulatory system, in particular the pathway of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood through the heart.
Know the structure and function of arteries, veins and capillaries.
Compare and contrast the structure of arteries and veins, and state how they are adapted for its function.
Understanding why we cannot have the same transport system as amoeba: The transport system in amoeba does not need to be very organized as it is a unicellular system, thus molecules carrying nutrients, oxygen etc. only need to diffuse through the membrane of the amoeba to reach the cell. However, in the multicellular system in humans, we would need a transport system for these molecules to be delivered into various cells.
Transport System in Humans and Mammals Are similar and known as the circulatory system. Red Blood Cells, made of haemoglobin (an iron-containing material that is present in all vertebrae) that carries oxygenated blood from the heart and releases them as they squeeze through narrow networks of capillaries to cells in different parts of the body.
Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues in the human body.
Forms blood clots to prevent excessive bleeding in cases of injury.
Fights infection with antibodies (proteins that recognize and bind to foreign substances, such as bacteria or viruses, surrounding them so that scavenger cells can destroy them and flush them out of the body) and white blood cells.
Brings waste products to the kidney and liver to be filtered and cleaned
White Blood Cells defenses the body against foreign bacteria.
Red Blood Cells carries oxygen to cells in the body. They also carry carbon dioxide away from the tissues and back to the lungs.
Platelets help in the clotting process by gathering at a bleeding site and clumping together to form a plug that helps seal the blood vessel. At the same time, they release substances that help promote further clotting.
Plasma is the liquid component of blood that suspends the components. It contains the protein albumin that keeps liquid from leaking out of blood vessels and into tissues. Plasma also prevents blood vessels from collapsing and clogging and helps maintain blood pressure and circulation throughout the body simply by filling blood vessels and flowing through them continuously. Plasma circulation also plays a role in regulating body temperature by carrying heat generated in core body tissues through areas that lose heat more readily, such as the arms, legs, and head.
A clot begins to form when the blood is exposed to air, and platelets begin to break apart. They react with the fibrinogen to begin forming fibrin (that resembles tiny threads). The fibrin threads then begin to form a web-like mesh that traps the blood cells within it. This mesh of blood cells hardens as it dries, forming a clot, or “scab.”
Calcium and vitamin K must be present in blood in order to to support the formation of clots. A shortage of these nutrients, will result in a longer amount of time for your blood to clot. If these nutrients are missing, you run the possibility of bleeding to death.
(A healthy diet provides most people with enough vitamins and minerals, but vitamin supplements are sometimes needed.)
A scab is an external blood clot that we can easily see, but there are also internal blood clots. A bruise, or black-and-blue mark, is the result of a blood clot. Both scabs and bruises are clots that lead to healing. However, some clots can be dangerous. A blood clot that forms inside of a blood vessel can be deadly because it blocks the flow of blood, cutting off the supply of oxygen. A stroke is the result of a clot in an artery of the brain. Without a steady supply of oxygen, the brain cannot function normally. If the oxygen flow is broken, paralysis, brain damage, loss of sensory perceptions, or even death may occur. (Heart Attack Video)
Leukopenia is the condition where there is an insufficient amount of white blood cells in the blood and the body is more prone to infections.
Leukocytosis is the condition where the number of white blood cells is higher than normal, which may not directly cause symptoms but might be an indication of diseases (e.g. leukemia)
Anemia is the condition where there is an insufficient amount of red blood cells (and less oxygen is being transported) and fatigue and weaknesses develop.
Polycythemia is the condition where the number of red blood cells is higher than normal, thus making the blood thicker, increasing the chances of blood forming clots and thus leading to a higher possibility of strokes and heart attacks.
Thrombocytopenia is the condition where the number of platelets is too low, and bruising and abnormal bleeding becomes more likely.
Thrombocythemia is the condition where the number of platelets is abnormally high, and blood may clot excessively, causing a stroke or a heart attack.
Blood Flow in the Right Side of Heart (keywords are underlined)
Deoxygenated Blood from the upper body flows through the Superior Vena Cava to the right side of the heart, while blood from the lower body enters the heart into the Right Atrium through the Inferior Vena Cava. It passes through the Tricuspid Valve to the Right Ventricle and through the Pulmonic Valve into the Pulmonary Artery.
The right side of the artery brings blood to the right side of the lung while the left side of the heart brings blood to the left lung. NOTE:
The pulmonary artery, unlike other arteries, carry deoxygenated blood.
The Mitral Valve is also known as the Bicuspid Valve.
Blood Flow in the Left Side of Heart (keywords are underlined)
Oxygenated Blood from the the Right Lung flows through 2 Pulmonary Veins into the left side of the heart from the right, while Oxygenated Blood from the Left Lung flows from the left side of the heart, into the left atrium, through the Mitral Valve into the Left Ventricle. It then passes through the Aortic Valve to go into the Aorta which in turn transports the blood to the upper and lower body.
NOTE: Similar to the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary vein carries not deoxygenated blood but oxygenated blood from the lungs.
TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS
Arteries: These are the thick-walled blood vessels carry oxygenated blood (leading to its high blood pressure) to the body.
Veins: The veins have thinner walls as compared to arteries but is almost just as thick. It carries deoxygenated blood back to the body.
Capillaries: Are the small blood vessels that red blood cells squeeze and release oxygen through
Biology Journal 
