Revision-Learner’s Outcomes

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CELLS

Learning Outcomes

  • Explain that the basic unit of all living things is the cell.
  • Identify structure and state the function of the main organelles in the cell such as nucleus, nuclear membrane, chromatin, cytoplasm, cell membrane, vacuole, mitochondria, chloroplast, cellulose cell wall.
  • Identify these main organelles from diagrams.
  • Compare and contrast – plant and animal cells, Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
  • Explain how the structure of specialised cells is related to function.

HOMEOSTASIS

Learners’ Outcomes

  1. Define the process of diffusion as the net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.
  2. Define the process of osmosis as the net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential, to a region of lower potential across a selectively permeable membrane.
  3. Explain that osmosis is a subset of diffusion and that osmosis is restricted to the net movement of water molecules whilst diffusion involves the movement of any type of molecules. In addition, be aware that a selectively permeable membrane is involved in osmosis whilst a membrane need not necessarily be present for diffusion.
  4. Explain how animal and plant cells behave differently in solutions of varying water potential.
  5. Appreciate the importance of diffusion and osmosis to living systems and list examples of both processes.

TRANSPORT IN HUMANS

  1. Understand the importance of a transport system in multi-cellular organisms.
  2. Know why the transport system in an amoeba is so different from a human, and why humans cannot adopt a similar system as the amoeba.
  3. Explain why the transport system in mammals is also known as the circulatory system.
  4. Understand that any system is connected to other systems, both internally and externally, and the output from one part of a system (which can include material, energy, or information) can become the input to others. Such feedback can serve to control what goes on in the system as a whole.
  5. Know that blood is pumped around the circulatory system by the action of the heart.
  6. Know that the heart is a muscular organ which requires its own supply of oxygen and nutrients (via the coronary arteries).
  7. Label and identify the principle structures of a mammalian heart, including the valves within it and the inter-connecting blood vessels & associated valves.
  8. Trace the path of blood through the circulatory system, in particular the pathway of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood through the heart.
  9. Know the structure and function of arteries, veins and capillaries.
  10. Compare and contrast the structure of arteries and veins, and state how they are adapted for its function.

NUTRITION

Learners’ Outcomes

  1. Understand that macromolecules must be broken down into smaller diffusible molecules in order for absorption and assimilation by the body to take place.
  2. Know the nutrients that make up a balanced diet and be aware of the importance of the different classes of food required for good health.
  3. Understand what malnutrition is, and the diseases that occur as a result and cite examples such as scurvy, kwashiorkor, rickets, anemia, obesity and constipation.
  4. Identify the principal structures of the digestive system.
  5. Understand that monosaccharides, amino acids, & fatty acids and glycerol are the building blocks of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, respectively.
  6. State that the digestive system consists of ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion.
  7. Explain how the digestive system is adapted to its function of absorption, in particular the adaptive features of the small intestine for its role in absorption. (NOTE: Do not need to know the various enzymes involved in digestion. Only required to know:

a. What the end products of carbohydrate, protein and fat digestion are?
b. Where digestion of the various classes of food occurs?
c. Where absorption occurs?

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